Other Multilateral actors timeline of diplomatic efforts

16 April

The Arab League held emergency session and:

  • expressed concern over the escalating violence
  • called for a ceasefire
  • emphasized the need for both parties to hold peaceful negotiation

17 April

Trilateral Mechanism urged the leadership of the two forces to adhere the humanitarian pause they failed to upheld fully on 16 April to adhere to it on 17 April.

19 April

Trilateral Mechanism noted the commitment by the two forces to implement a ceasefire for 24 hours effective from 6:00 pm on 19 April.

The High Representative on behalf of the EU condemned the ongoing fighting and called all actors to:

  • allow and facilitate rapid and unimpeded humanitarian access
  • protect civilians
  • ensure safety of humanitarian personnel

21 April

The Trilateral Mechanism welcomed the announcement by the SAF and RSF to a ceasefire to restore calm in Sudan during Eid El-Fitr.

27 April

The Trilateral Mechanism and the Quad jointly welcomed the announcement by the two forces to extend the ceasefire for additional 72 hours and called for its full implementation.

30 April

The Trilateral Mechanism called on the leadership of SAF and RSF to agree another extension of the 72-hour ceasefire, which started on 24 April.

1 May

The Arab league held the second meeting since the outbreak of the conflict to discuss the developments on Sudan conflict.

7 May

The Arab league convened emergency session and issued a resolution to form an Arab ministerial contact group to communicate with Sudanese parties and influential countries to find settlement to Sudan conflict.

21 May

Trilateral Mechanism welcomed the signing of the ceasefire agreement and called on the international community and humanitarian actors to urgently unify their efforts to support the Sudanese people.

22 May

UN Security Council discussed the ongoing fighting in Sudan while considering the Secretary-General’s 90 day report on the situation in Sudan and the activities of UNITAMS.

27 May

The Troika Plus EU reaffirmed its support for African Leadership and the AU’s Roadmap for the Resolution of the Conflict in Sudan.

13 July

Sudan’s Neighboring States Summit was held in Cairo, Egypt. The meeting was composed of the Heads of States and Government of Central African Republic, Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Libya and South Sudan. The Chairperson of the AUC and the Secretary General of the League of Arab States also attended the meeting. The meeting adopted a Communique agreeing to the following:

  • To facilitate the entry of humanitarian aid provided to Sudan through the territories of neighbouring states;
  • To promote the establishment of safe passage for aid deliveries to the most affected and vulnerable areas; and
  • To form a Ministerial Mechanism comprised of foreign ministers of Sudan’s neighbouring states to coordinate common efforts to resolve the current conflict.
 

The Ministerial Mechanism to:

  • To coordinate common efforts to resolve t
  • he current conflict to the crisis through direct communication with various stakeholders.
  • Discuss measures required to address the impact of the crisis on the future of Sudan’s stability;
  • Discuss steps to contain the negative effects of the crisis on neighbouring states, and agree on a delivery mechanism to provide humanitarian aid; and
  • To present its recommendations to the next Sudan’s Neighbouring States Summit.

7 August

Meeting of Foreign Ministers of the Republic of Sudan’s Neighboring Countries held in N’Djamena, Republic of Chad. The foreign Ministers adopted a communique and have:

  • Drawn up a plan of action, attached hereto and to be forwarded to the Heads of State and Government to complement the existing mechanism of the African Union and IGAD, which is in three (3) parts, namely the achievement of a definitive ceasefire, the organization of an inclusive inter-Sudanese dialogue and the management of humanitarian issues; and
  • Agreed to meet in New York at the Margins of the next regular session of the UN General Assembly in September 2023.

6 September

  • Recommended that in the spirit of “African Solutions to African Problems” IGAD and the AU combine their efforts with the countries neighbouring the Sudan and further calls upon the international actors to support a single, all-inclusive IGAD-AU led platform;
  • Mandated IGAD and the African Union to accelerate the consultations to map the agenda, venue and identify participants and other relevant matters in support of a political dialogue that clearly defines a Sudanese-owned and Sudanese-led political process;
  • Decried the further deterioration of the humanitarian situation and increasing population displacement coupled with severe food scarcity and in this regard, commits to mobilise USD 1 million from each IGAD member state for humanitarian assistance and to support the peace process in solidarity with the people of the Republic of Sudan

10 October

The Anti-war Coalition of Civilian Forces (ACCF) in Sudan has called on the international community to pressure a truce and access to humanitarian access in Sudan. The ACCF sought joint resolutions from the African Union, Arab League, and UN Security Council. Moreover, ACCF has made a request to the AU PSC to establish humanitarian corridors and ensure civilian protection (Sudan Tribune, 2023a October 10).

21 October

Anti-war civil forces (political, civil, and labor forces, pro-democracy professionals, etc) in Sudan held preparatory meetings in Addis Ababa to form a Civil Front. The aim of the meeting is to end the war in Sudan and restore democratic civil transition.

15 November

The Sudanese and International Civil Society Groups (a group of 50) issued a joint statement, urging immediate international intervention to prevent further atrocities in Sudan. The statement calls for stakeholders to urgently act to ensure the RSF and SAF adhere to obligations under international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL) and to uphold the principles of Responsibility to Respect. Specifically, the Civil Society Group calls the international stakeholders (including UN bodies and member states, the AU, IGAD to urgently act:

  • To adopt an arms embargo that encompasses all of Sudan and targeted sanctions against parties who violate the current arms embargo on Darfur and fail to uphold obligations under international humanitarian law.
  • To ensure that appropriate funding is allocated to the UN Fact Finding Mission (FFM); to provide technical, material, and financial support to Sudanese human rights documenters as requested by the UN Human Rights Council;
  • To engage with neighbouring countries and those hosting Sudanese refugee populations to fulfill their obligations under international law.
  • Establish humanitarian corridors to allow for the safe evacuation of civilians from conflict areas and the delivery of humanitarian assistance.

Jeddah Facilitators:

  • To ensure neither RSF or SAF use the peace talks to legitimise themselves or to pursue military solutions to end the conflict.
  • Facilitators must publicly condemn human rights violations committed during the talks and hold the perpetrators accountable;
  • To ensure SAF and RSF uphold their obligations under IHL and IHRL, secure the establishment of full, safe, and unhindered humanitarian access, and support an independent ceasefire monitoring mechanism.

US, UK and other Donor Countries:

  • To address the ongoing atrocities in Sudan through clear and comprehensive strategies
  • To provide technical, material, and financial support to Sudanese human rights documenters.
  • To designate Special Envoys on Sudan to lead robust diplomacy aimed at supporting an end to the conflict with meaningful inclusion of marginalised communities in peaceful solutions in Sudan.

29 November

The Civilian Democratic Forces Coordination (Taqaddum) chaired by former Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok, draft a six-step roadmap to end the war in Sudan and establish a sustainable civil democratic rule. The road map includes six main phases for resolving the Sudanese crisis:

  • Give support for negotiations between the SAF and RSF at the Jeddah Forum to reach a cessation of hostilities.
  • Promoting the humanitarian situation and aid delivery to the people in need
  • Propose declaration of principles for ending the war and pave the way for a civilian democratic rule agreement to be signed by SAF, RSF and all civilian forces.
  • Holding a meeting for consultation gathering the SAF, RSF and civilian forces under auspices of regional and international facilitators to design a comprehensive political process for resolution of the conflict.
  • Sit at a negotiation table to discuss the overall causes of the Sudanese crisis and propose effective solutions.
  • Culminate the political process with writing of an agreed upon national constitution.

3 December

The Former Sudanese Prime Minister and Chair of the Civilian Democratic Forces Coordination (Taqaddum), Abdallah Hamdok met with Chad's President Idris Deby in Dubai during the COP 28 climate summit and discussed the importance of regional cooperation for sub-regional stability.

20 December

The Sudanese Civilian Democratic Forces Coordination (Taqaddum) decided to initiate urgent contact with the RSF Command and SAF Command to safeguard civilians from the escalating conflict and end the war. The Taqaddum urged adherence to Jeddah framework, IGAD's proposal, and vow to seek international support. It has pledged to reach out to the regional and international community to seek support for efforts to address the humanitarian catastrophe and promote a peaceful negotiated resolution. The Taqaddum further called for urgent sessions of the AU PSC and the UNSC to monitor political developments in Sudan, establish mechanisms to protect civilians and secure immediate aid from international organizations.

25 December

Former Sudanese Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok, head of the Coordination of Civilian Democratic Forces (Taqaddum), urgently called for talks with RSF and SAF to end the ongoing conflict. Hamdok emphasized the need for a negotiated political settlement based on Taqaddum's roadmap, aiming to halt the war and address the humanitarian crisis threatening Sudan's survival.

2 January 2024

The “Addis Ababa Declaration” signed between the Civil Democratic Forces Coordination (Taqqadum) and RSF leaders. The agreement focuses on ceasing hostilities, humanitarian aid, and protecting civilians, with RSF committing to release prisoners and open safe corridors. The Declaration document outlines foundational principles for ending the war, emphasizing Sudanese unity, equal citizenship, federal democracy, and rebuilding the security sector.

4 January 2024

6 January 2024

The head of the Sudanese Congress Party and a leadership member of the Coalition of Civilian Forces (‘Tagadum’), Omer al-Digair expresses his readiness to meet with Abdel Fattah al-Burhan to discuss the possibility of a ceasefire and inclusive national dialogue, following al-Burhan's rejection of the Addis Ababa Declaration (signed between Tagadum and RSF). Al-Digair clarifies that the Addis Ababa Declaration isn't a mediation or alliance but a starting point for conflict resolution talks to engage with various parties to find a solution to the ongoing conflict. Al-Digair emphasizes the need for restraint and de-escalation to pave the way for a lasting peace.

9 January 2024

  • Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North (SPLM-N) leader Abdel Aziz al-Hilu expressed his readiness to engage in discussions with the Coordination of Civil Democratic Forces (Tagadum) to explore avenues for ending the ongoing conflict in Sudan.
  • The Eastern Sudan Civil Forces Alliance (ESCFA) urges Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and Rapid Support Forces (RSF) to urgently meet and peacefully resolve the conflict and avoid reaching to the Eastern part of Sudan, maintaining a safe place for civilians (Radio Dabanga).

25 March 2024

SAF leadership, Lieutenant General Ibrahim Jaber, a Member of the Sudan’s Sovereign Council and the military’s second in command, declared the military’s refusal to participate in in any power-sharing deal with civilian political groups, favoring a ‘non-political transitional period’ with a technocratic government.

4 April 2024

Sudan’s Coordination Alliance for Democratic Civilian Forces, Taqadum, unveils a comprehensive vision to end the war following a meeting in Addis Ababa from 2 to 4 April 2024. Key steps in the vision include:

  • Humanitarian cessation of hostilities
  • Comprehensive ceasefire and confidence building
  • Inclusive negotiations
  • Regional monitoring

9 April 2024

In an Eid al-Fitr address to the nation, SAF leader General al-Burhan announced that ‘there is no return to what existed before April 15, 2023, October 25, 2021, or April 2019’.

16 May 2024

In a communiqué issued after the conclusion of its 33rd Summit held in Bahrain, the Arab league urged warring parties to engage seriously and effectively in initiatives aimed at settling the crisis, including the Jeddah platform, the neighboring countries and others.

30 May 2024

A three-day inaugural meeting of the Coordinating Council of Civil Democratic Forces Taqadum concluded in Addis Ababa, electing former Prime Minister Abdullah Hamdok as its head. The conference urged the international community to pressure both sides to return to negotiations and establish mechanisms for civilian protection and humanitarian aid delivery.

16 December 2024

The EU imposed sanctions on four individuals, including SAF Lieutenant General Mohamed Ali Ahmed Subir, responsible for military intelligence operations, and RSF Major General Osman Mohamed Hamid, in charge of operations since the conflict began, for violating international human rights and humanitarian law.

14 February 2025

The United Arab Emirates (UAE), Ethiopia, AU, and IGAD convened a High-Level Humanitarian Conference for the People of Sudan in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with Kenya’s President William Ruto and UN Secretary-General António Guterres in attendance.

The conference aimed to mobilize regional and global support for Sudan’s humanitarian crisis and called for a humanitarian ceasefire during Ramadan.

During the event, the UAE pledged an additional USD 200 million in humanitarian aid, while Ethiopia announced a USD 15 million contribution. However, the Sudanese government rejected the UAE’s aid, accusing it of using humanitarian assistance to conceal alleged support for the RSF.

22 February 2025

RSF and 23 affiliated armed groups and political parties signed a charter in Nairobi, Kenya, to establish a parallel government in areas under their control.

Key signatories included RSF commander Abdelrahim Dagalo, National Umma Party leader Fadlallah Burma Nasir, SPLM-N deputy chairman Joseph Tuka, and leaders from SLM-TC, JEM, and RSF’s political wing, ‘Qimam’.

The signing sparked diplomatic tensions between Sudan’s government and Kenya over Nairobi’s role in hosting the RSF.

23 February 2025

Sudan’s Ministry of Justice published an amended Constitutional Declaration that:

  • Extends the transitional period by 39 months.
  • Eliminates the committee investigating the 2019 sit-in dispersal.
  • Increases military representation on the Sovereign Council.
  • Removes any mention of the Forces of Freedom and Change and the Rapid Support Forces, which were part of the Sovereign Council established under the 2019 Constitutional Declaration.
  • Expands the Sovereign Council’s powers, granting it greater control over key appointments and policy decisions.

This amendment paves the way for the formation of a new government under the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF). It came less than a day after the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), along with affiliated armed groups and political actors, signed a Charter to establish a parallel government under RSF control. This development raises the specter of deepening fragmentation in Sudan.

11 March 2025

EU spokesperson released a statement:

  • Reiterating EU’s commitment to the unity and territorial integrity of Sudan and the sovereignty of the Sudanese people.
  • Expressing concern that the plans for parallel ‘government’ by the RSF risk the partition of the country and jeopardise the democratic aspirations of the Sudanese people for an inclusive Sudanese-owned process that leads to the restoration of civilian rule.
  • Calling upon the parties to the conflict to end the harassment of civil society representatives and to refrain from restricting civic space.

11 April 2025

On the Second Anniversary of the Sudanese Conflict, EU issued a statement:

  • Highlighted the deepening fragmentation along ethnic lines and warned that Sudan’s unity and territorial integrity are at risk.
  • Expressed concern over the intentions of various actors to unilaterally form governments, stressing the urgent need to prevent the partition of the country.
  • Called on all states supplying arms and funds to the belligerents to immediately cease their support and unite in favour of peace.
  • Reaffirmed continued support for mediation efforts led by the African Union, regional and international actors, including the UN Secretary-General’s Personal Envoy for Sudan, Ramtane Lamamra.
  • Demanded that all warring parties immediately lift bureaucratic and administrative impediments to humanitarian access and ensure the safety of civilians, including humanitarian personnel.
  • Strongly condemned severe mass atrocities and underscored the need to end the prevailing culture of impunity.
  • Warned that it would employ diplomatic tools and instruments, including restrictive measures, to pursue a peaceful resolution and support an inclusive inter Sudanese political process reflecting the aspirations of the Sudanese people.
  • Emphasised that the protection of civilians and critical infrastructure remains paramount, and affirmed readiness to support monitoring mechanisms.

15 April 2025

On the second anniversary of the conflict in Sudan, the London Sudan Conference was co-hosted by the African Union, the European Union, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The conference brought together 22 countries, along with international and regional organisations engaged in the international response to the conflict. Notably, the two warring parties—the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF)—were excluded from the gathering.

The conference aimed to consolidate international efforts to address the humanitarian crisis, promote a negotiated settlement to the conflict, and, ultimately, restart Sudan’s transition to a civilian-led government while preserving the country’s unity.

However, the conference concluded without a joint communiqué, reportedly due to disagreements among Arab states backing opposing sides in the conflict—particularly over language calling for respect for state institutions. Similarly, efforts to establish an African Union-led international contact group failed. In lieu of a joint communiqué, the co-chairs issued a statement highlighting key points:

  • The urgency of decisive efforts to resolve the conflict, stressing that such efforts must be coherent, coordinated, and based on comparative advantage and complementarity.
  • The importance of centring Sudanese civilians—especially women, youth, and civil society actors—in all initiatives to resolve the conflict and shape the country’s future.
  • The need for international engagement to focus on ensuring the warring parties uphold their obligations under international humanitarian and human rights law, particularly the protection of civilians.
  • The priority of achieving an immediate and permanent ceasefire to end the conflict.
  • The imperative to prevent any partition of Sudan.
  • Support for a transition to a civilian-led government.
  • Recognition that Sudan’s neighbouring states are directly affected by the conflict, with those present supporting a solution through the AU, IGAD, League of Arab States, and the UN, and acknowledging broader support from the EU and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
  • A call on relevant parties to allow and facilitate rapid, safe, and unimpeded humanitarian access to all areas of need via all necessary routes, in line with commitments made under the Jeddah Declaration and international humanitarian law.
  • A strong appeal to lift all impediments to humanitarian access and ensure the safety of humanitarian personnel.
  • A reaffirmation of the importance of preventive diplomacy to avert further escalation.
  • An agreement on a series of next steps rooted in strategic coordination and comparative advantage, including the revival of existing groupings such as the AU Expanded Mechanism and the Consultative Meetings on Enhancing Coordination of Peace Initiatives and Efforts in Sudan.
  • The importance of integrated efforts in Sudan’s mediation processes.

7 May 2025

The EU spokesperson issued a statement condemning the RSF’s use of drone strikes against civilian and strategic targets in Port Sudan. The statement described the attack as a ‘significant and troubling expansion of the conflict into previously unaffected regions.’ It further noted that the drone strikes, supported by international backers, not only endanger the safety and well-being of Sudanese civilians and international personnel in Port Sudan but also undermine regional stability and violate international humanitarian law.

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