Remarques par M. El-Ghassim Wane : Session ouverte du Conseil de paix et de sécurité de l’Union africaine sur le thème: « Les opérations de soutien à la paix en Afrique », Addis-Abeba (Éthiopie), 27 avril 2026
Session ouverte du Conseil de paix et de sécurité de l’Union africaine sur le thème: « Les opérations de soutien à la paix en Afrique », Addis-Abeba (Éthiopie), 27 avril 2026
Remarques par M. El-Ghassim Wane, ancien Représentant spécial du Secrétaire général des Nations unies au Mali et Chef de la MINUSMA, ancien sous-Secrétaire général des Nations unies aux opérations de maintien de la paix, et ancien Directeur du Département paix et sécurité de la Commission de l’UA
Date | 27 avril 2026
Permettez-moi tout d’abord d’exprimer mes remerciements à la présidence éthiopienne du Conseil de paix et de sécurité pour m’avoir invité à participer à cette session sur les opérations de soutien à la paix.
Cette discussion se tient dans un contexte particulier, tant sur le continent qu’au niveau mondial.
Premièrement, nous assistons à la persistance—et, dans certains cas, à l’aggravation—des conflits et des tensions à travers l’Afrique. La situation au Soudan est sans aucun doute la plus alarmante. C’est une crise qui devrait tenir tous les Africains en alerte et susciter une mobilisation totale et concrète.
Deuxièmement, l’implication d’acteurs extérieurs dans les conflits africains est de plus en plus manifeste, et ce dans un contexte d’intensification de la compétition géopolitique et des rivalités entre eux. Si certaines de ces interventions peuvent être constructives, elles ont aussi pour effet de réduire la marge d’action des institutions africaines et d’amoindrir leur rôle dans la gestion des questions de paix et de sécurité. Les initiatives prises en dehors du continent déterminent de plus en plus la trajectoire des crises africaines.
Il s’agit là d’une rupture avec une période antérieure où les initiatives africaines étaient au cœur des efforts de règlement des conflits—une époque illustrée par des processus et accords portant le nom de villes africaines, de Sodore en Éthiopie et Arta à Djibouti à Accra, Pretoria, Ouagadougou et Libreville, en passant par Arusha, Alger, Machakos et Sun City, pour n’en citer que quelques-unes.
Troisièmement, et de manière plus générale, nous sommes confrontés à un affaiblissement du multilatéralisme. Celui-ci se manifeste par la multiplication des mesures unilatérales et des atteintes croissantes au droit international.
Prises ensemble, ces évolutions sont préoccupantes pour l’Afrique.
Il ne peut y avoir de développement durable sans paix. Les tensions persistantes entre États compromettent l’intégration continentale. L’implication croissante d’acteurs extérieurs sape l’appropriation et le leadership africains. L’érosion du multilatéralisme et du droit international réduit la capacité du continent à défendre ses intérêts, en même temps qu’elle accentue la vulnérabilité des pays africains et les menaces à leur souveraineté.
Aussi l’Afrique doit-elle s’attaquer à ses défis internes avec une urgence renouvelée pour pouvoir faire face à l’environnement géopolitique actuel; à défaut, elle risque d’être façonnée par des dynamiques externes plutôt que de les façonner.
C’est dans cette entreprise plus large visant à renforcer l’autonomie stratégique de l’Afrique que doivent s’inscrire les opérations de paix. Bien conçues et utilisées, elles peuvent jouer un rôle important dans la gestion des défis de paix et de sécurité du continent.
Cependant, pour remplir efficacement cette fonction, quatre considérations sont essentielles.
Premièrement, les opérations de soutien à la paix ne sont qu’un instrument parmi beaucoup d’autres dans la gestion et le règlement des conflits. La prévention, la médiation et la consolidation de la paix—telles que prévues par le Protocole relatif au CPS—sont des outils tout aussi, sinon plus, importants.
Il convient de revenir ici sur l’architecture du Protocole. Si celui-ci a, sans ambiguïté, introduit les opérations de paix dans le cadre normatif de l’Union africaine, l’approche qu’il articule n’en reste pas moins beaucoup plus équilibrée qu’on ne le pense généralement.
En substance, le Protocole accorde une place centrale à la prévention des conflits et au rétablissement de la paix. Cette orientation se reflète dans ses objectifs et principes, ainsi que dans les pouvoirs importants conférés au Président de la Commission et au Groupe des Sages. Les règles de procédure du CPS renforcent cette logique: aucun État membre ne peut empêcher l’inscription d’une question à l’ordre du jour du Conseil, et les pays parties à un conflit ne peuvent participer aux délibérations y relatives.
La conclusion est claire: il faut se garder de surinvestir dans les opérations de paix au détriment de ces autres instruments, souvent plus accessibles et, dans bien des cas, plus efficaces pour l’UA.
Cette conclusion est d’autant plus fondée que le CPS et la Commission ont, au fil des ans, développé des outils non militaires innovants qui ont permis à l’UA d’affirmer son leadership dans la gestion de certains conflits.
Parmi ceux-ci figurent les « communiqués-cadres », à travers lesquels le CPS énonce des éléments de sortie de crise, assortis d’échéances claires et d’attentes spécifiques à l’égard des parties concernées. Le communiqué du 24 avril 2012 sur le Soudan et le Soudan du Sud en est un exemple probant.
L’UA a également efficacement recouru à des mécanismes ad hoc de haut niveau—souvent composés de chefs d’État et de gouvernement en exercice ou d’anciens dirigeants—pour interagir au plus haut niveau avec les parties concernées et des acteurs internationaux clés. Tel fut notamment le cas avec le Groupe de mise en œuvre de haut niveau sur le Soudan et le Soudan du Sud, le Groupe de haut niveau sur la Côte d’Ivoire et le Groupe de haut niveau pour l’Égypte.
Enfin, l’UA a mis en place des groupes internationaux de contact, pour coordonner les interventions extérieures et éviter des réponses fragmentées, notamment en Guinée, à Madagascar et en République centrafricaine.
Ces expériences montrent que l’Afrique dispose déjà d’une boîte à outils diversifiée et éprouvée. Les opérations de paix en sont une partie intégrante, mais elles ne doivent pas en devenir l’élément dominant.
Deuxièmement, les opérations de soutien à la paix ne sont pas une fin en soi. Elles sont des instruments au service de solutions politiques. Dans les conflits internes en particulier, elles ne peuvent réussir sans processus politiques crédibles. En leur absence, même les opérations les plus robustes peinent à produire des résultats durables.
La réponse au terrorisme dans plusieurs régions d’Afrique l’illustre clairement. Si les mesures sécuritaires sont impératives, elles sont loin d’être suffisantes. Dans de nombreux contextes, ce fléau a été aggravé par une gouvernance déficiente, la marginalisation de segments de la société et les exactions commises lors des opérations de lutte contre le terrorisme.
Là où des progrès ont été enregistrés, ils n’ont pas résulté uniquement de l’action militaire, mais plutôt d’approches combinant mesures sécuritaires, dialogue, réconciliation et réformes de gouvernance.
C’est pourquoi la tentation croissante à privilégier l’imposition de la paix doit être abordée avec prudence. Sans stratégie politique crédible en parallèle, ces approches ont peu de chances de produire des résultats durables.
Troisièmement, les opérations de soutien à la paix sont, par nature, coûteuses et exigeantes sur le plan logistique. Cela explique pourquoi, pendant longtemps, les dirigeants africains ont hésité à les intégrer pleinement dans la panoplie des outils de l’OUA, comme en témoigne la Déclaration du Caire de 1993, qui n’autorisait que des missions limitées dans leur portée et leur durée.
Le tournant est intervenu avec le Protocole relatif au CPS, largement influencé par l’échec—de l’OUA et, surtout, de l’ONU, alors présente sur le terrain—à prévenir et à arrêter le génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda.
Le cadre ainsi développé reposait sur deux postulats: les États membres de l’UA augmenteraient leur financement des activités de paix et de sécurité à la faveur de la dynamique générée par la nouvelle Union, et l’ONU répondrait favorablement aux demandes de soutien du continent.
Plus de vingt ans après, aucun de ces postulats ne s’est fondamentalement vérifié. Les États membres de l’UA n’ont pas mobilisé les ressources nécessaires, en particulier pour les opérations de grande envergure. Quant à l’ONU, son appui est resté en deçà des attentes. Si la résolution 2719 marque une avancée, elle souffre aussi de limites. Les récentes baisses de contributions au budget des Nations unies compliquent encore davantage la situation, contraignant à des réductions importantes dans les missions.
De fait, une approche plus réaliste est requise. L’UA devrait privilégier des opérations plus ciblées, de taille réduite et limitées dans le temps, adaptées à ses capacités financières et à l’environnement budgétaire mondial actuel. À cet égard, les modèles présentés dans l’étude des Nations unies d’octobre 2024 sur l’avenir du maintien de la paix offrent des orientations utiles. Ils peuvent être mis en œuvre par l’UA seule ou conjointement avec l’ONU selon différentes configurations, y compris dans le cadre de la résolution 2719, et—du fait de leur portée limitée—prennent en compte les sensibilités politiques des États membres qui pourraient percevoir les déploiements de grande ampleur comme des atteintes à leur souveraineté.
Les grandes opérations multidimensionnelles devraient, en règle générale, relever de la responsabilité de l’ONU, qui dispose d’avantages comparatifs indéniables: un financement prévisible, une expertise avérée, des capacités logistiques robustes et des mécanismes de redevabilité bien établis. L’UA ne devrait s’y engager que lorsque l’ONU est manifestement incapable ou pas disposée à agir, notamment dans des situations extrêmes liées au terrorisme ou au crime de génocide, aux crimes contre l’humanité et aux crimes de guerre.
Quatrièmement, l’efficacité des opérations de soutien à la paix en Afrique dépend d’un partenariat étroit entre l’UA et l’ONU. Les opérations de l’UA et de l’ONU ne constituent pas des options concurrentes, mais des composantes complémentaires d’un même système multilatéral, chacune avec ses atouts propres. Pourtant, au regard des progrès accomplis par l’UA, l’idée d’un rôle accru de cette dernière, au point de reléguer l’ONU à une fonction d’appui, a progressivement gagné du terrain—en particulier face à des menaces comme le terrorisme, où le maintien de la paix traditionnel a montré ses limites.
Cette lecture est trompeuse. L’UA et l’ONU ne sont pas interchangeables: elles sont des partenaires complémentaires et indissociables. L’ONU conserve des atouts majeurs, comme indiqué plus haut, tandis que l’UA a démontré une inclination à intervenir dans des environnements complexes et à haut risque, malgré de lourdes contraintes capacitaires et financières.
Les performances des deux organisations sont étroitement liées. Des opérations onusiennes efficaces confortent les approches multilatérales, qui sous-tendent également l’action de l’UA. Les succès des missions de l’UA renforcent les solutions régionales, lesquelles participent de la sécurité collective telle qu’articulée par la Charte des Nations unies. À l’inverse, les échecs de l’une ou de l’autre de ces deux institutions fragilisent la confiance dans l’architecture globale de paix et de sécurité.
Dans ce contexte, l’UA et l’ONU doivent, à titre prioritaire, renforcer leur coopération, notamment en appui aux opérations de maintien de la paix des Nations unies en Afrique. Il y va de leur intérêt mutuel. Les missions onusiennes tirent parti de l’influence politique de l’UA et de sa proximité avec les théâtres de crise, ainsi que du rôle des A3: lorsque les membres africains portent, au niveau du Conseil, les questions relatives aux missions, ils aident à recentrer les débats et à limiter l’impact des tensions géopolitiques globales. L’UA a, pour sa part, un intérêt direct dans l’issue des opérations onusiennes sur le continent, l’Afrique étant la première à bénéficier de leurs succès et la première à pâtir de leurs échecs.
À cette fin, l’ONU devrait systématiquement informer l’UA des activités de ses missions et des défis auxquels elles sont confrontées. Il en résultera une plus grande appropriation africaine et une capacité accrue de l’UA à apporter un appui rapide et déterminé.
Par ailleurs, il conviendrait d’envisager le déploiement d’équipes de liaison de l’UA auprès des missions des Nations unies. Celui-ci permettrait à l’UA d’avoir une meilleure appréciation des opérations onusiennes et de leur apporter un appui plus ciblé. Dans le même esprit, l’ONU devrait associer plus systématiquement l’UA aux revues stratégiques de ses missions.
Comme indiqué plus haut, pour être efficace, le maintien de la paix doit aller de pair avec une action plus soutenue de rétablissement de la paix. D’où la nécessité d’une coordination plus étroite entre l’UA et l’ONU, notamment à travers la désignation d’envoyés conjoints ou la mise en place de groupes de contact co-dirigés, afin d’imprimer davantage de cohérence à des efforts de médiation de plus en plus fragmentés.
Enfin, la préservation des acquis du maintien de la paix exige un investissement accru dans la consolidation de la paix. Cela implique un partenariat renforcé entre l’UA et l’ONU sur les questions de gouvernance, afin de pérenniser la paix et de prévenir la rechute dans la violence. L’objectif est de combiner le riche cadre normatif de l’UA en matière de gouvernance, de démocratie et de droits humains avec les capacités techniques et les ressources des Nations unies.
Je voudrais conclure en soulignant à nouveau la complexité de l’environnement international dans lequel l’Afrique opère. Cet environnement, bien que porteur de risques, offre également l’opportunité de promouvoir un système international plus inclusif et plus équitable, mais à condition que l’Afrique mette de l’ordre dans ses propres affaires. Cela suppose avant tout de faire taire les armes—par des actions concrètes, et non par des déclarations. Les opérations de paix constituent un levier important à cet égard.
L’UA dispose déjà des outils nécessaires. L’urgence est d’assurer leur mise en œuvre, plutôt que de chercher à les perfectionner sans fin. Cela suppose une discipline collective accrue et une meilleure coordination à l’échelle de l’ensemble du système de l’UA, fondées sur l’indivisibilité de la paix et de la sécurité sur le continent, ainsi que sur un engagement renouvelé en faveur de la solidarité africaine.
Dans ce contexte, la revue proposée des opérations de soutien à la paix de l’UA constitue une opportunité pour: renforcer la mobilisation en faveur de la mise en œuvre des instruments existants, avec la créativité et l’agilité requises; traiter la question cruciale du financement—qui exige des États membres qu’ils assumer pleinement leurs obligations; et libérer tout le potentiel du partenariat UA–ONU, y compris dans le cadre de la résolution 2719.
Je vous remercie.
Remarks by El-Ghassim Wane: Open Session of the African Union Peace and Security Council on the theme: "Peace Support Operations in Africa", Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 27 April 2026
Open Session of the African Union Peace and Security Council on the theme: "Peace Support Operations in Africa", Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 27 April 2026
Remarks by El-Ghassim Wane, Former Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General in Mali and Head of MINUSMA and United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Peacekeeping, and Former Director of the African Union Commission Peace and Security Department
Date | 27 April 2026
Let me start by thanking the Ethiopian Presidency of the Peace and Security Council for inviting me to participate in this session on peace support operations.
This discussion takes place against a particular backdrop, both on the continent and globally.
First, we are witnessing the persistence—and in some cases escalation—of conflicts and tensions across Africa. The situation in Sudan is undoubtedly the most alarming. It is a crisis that should keep all Africans alert and prompt full and practical mobilization.
Second, the involvement of external actors in African conflicts is growing, in a context of intensifying geopolitical competition and rivalries among them. While some of this involvement can be constructive, it has narrowed the space for African institutions to act and reduced their role in addressing peace and security challenges. Processes led from outside the continent are now increasingly shaping outcomes in Africa.
This marks a departure from an earlier period, when African-led initiatives were at the forefront of conflict resolution—an era reflected in processes and agreements named after African cities, from Sodore (Ethiopia) and Arta (Djibouti) to Arusha (Tanzania), Algiers, Machakos (Kenya), Sun City (South Africa), Accra, Pretoria, Ouagadougou, and Libreville, to name but a few.
Third, we are confronted with a broader weakening of multilateralism. This is reflected in the rise of unilateral measures, as well as in the growing frequency of breaches to international law.
Taken together, these trends are concerning for Africa.
Sustainable development cannot take place without peace. Persistent tensions between states undermine continental integration. Increased external engagement affects African ownership and leadership. The erosion of multilateralism and international law reduces the continent’s ability to advance its interests, while increasing the exposure of African countries and undermining the safeguards that protect their sovereignty.
Consequently, Africa must first address its internal challenges to navigate the current geopolitical environment; otherwise, it risks being shaped by external dynamics rather than shaping them.
It is within this broader effort to strengthen African agency that peace support operations must be situated. Properly conceived and used, they can play an important role in helping address the continent’s peace and security challenges.
However, for peace operations to effectively serve this purpose, four considerations are essential.
First, peace support operations are only one instrument among many for conflict management and resolution. Prevention, mediation, and peacebuilding—as set out in the PSC Protocol—are equally, and often more, important.
It is useful to recall what the PSC Protocol actually did. While it firmly introduced peace operations into the African Union’s normative framework, it nonetheless established a far more balanced approach than is often assumed.
At its core, the Protocol places strong emphasis on prevention and on peacemaking. This is reflected in its objectives and principles. It is also reflected in the significant powers given to the Chairperson of the Commission and to the Panel of the Wise. The PSC’s own rules of procedure reinforce this logic: no member state can block the inclusion of an item on the Council’s agenda, and countries that are party to a conflict do not take part in the related deliberations.
The implication is clear. We should not over-invest in peace operations at the expense of these other tools, which are often more feasible and, in many cases, more effective for the AU.
This is all the more important because the PSC and the Commission have, over the years, developed innovative non-military instruments that enabled AU’s leadership in the management of some conflicts.
These include what could be termed as “framework communiqués”, through which the PSC sets out comprehensive pathways to resolve crises, with clear timelines and concrete expectations for the parties. A notable example is the 24 April 2012 communiqué on Sudan and South Sudan.
The AU has also made effective use of high-level ad hoc mechanisms—often composed of current or former heads of state and government—to engage both the parties concerned and international stakeholders at the highest level. Examples include the AU High-Level Implementation Panel on Sudan and South Sudan, the High-Level Panel on Côte d’Ivoire, and the High-Level Panel for Egypt.
Finally, the AU has convened international contact groups, to coordinate external engagement and avoid fragmented responses. This approach has been notably used in Guinea, Madagascar, and the Central African Republic.
These experiences show that Africa already has a diverse and effective toolbox. Peace operations are an important part of it—but they are not, and should not become, the dominant one.
Second, peace support operations are not an end in themselves. They are tools to support political solutions. In intrastate conflicts in particular, they cannot succeed without credible peace processes. Absent such a foundation, even the most robust operations are unlikely to produce lasting results.
The response to terrorism in several parts of Africa illustrates this clearly. While security measures are an imperative, they are not sufficient. In many contexts, the challenge has been compounded by weak governance, lack of inclusion, and abuses during counterterrorism operations.
Where progress has been achieved, it has not come from military action alone, but from a broader approach combining security efforts with dialogue, reconciliation, and governance reforms.
This is why the growing tendency to valorize peace enforcement on the continent should be treated with caution. Without a parallel and credible political strategy, such approaches are unlikely to deliver sustainable outcomes.
Third, peace operations are inherently resource- and logistics-intensive. This explains why, for a long time, African leaders resisted expanding the OAU toolbox to include such operations. This reluctance was clearly reflected in the 1993 Cairo Declaration, which authorized only limited missions in both scope and duration.
The shift came later with the PSC Protocol, influenced in large part by the failure—by both the OAU and, more significantly, the UN, which had a mission on the ground—to prevent and stop the genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda.
This framework rested on two key assumptions: first, that AU Member States—building on the momentum of the new Union—would provide increased funding for peace and security activities; and second, that the UN would respond positively when called upon to support AU operations.
More than two decades after the launching of the PSC, it is clear that neither assumption has truly held. AU Member States have been unable or unwilling to mobilize the level of resources needed to sustain peace operations, especially large-scale missions. At the same time, UN support has fallen short of expectations. While Security Council resolution 2719 represents progress, it did not go as far as the AU had hoped. Moreover, recent reductions in contributions to the UN have further complicated the outlook, forcing deep cuts in current missions.
This calls for a more realistic approach. The AU should prioritize smaller, targeted, time-bound operations aligned with its financial capacity and the current global fiscal environment. In this regard, the models outlined in the October 2024 UN study on the future of peacekeeping offer useful guidance. They can be implemented by the AU alone or jointly with the UN in various configurations, including under resolution 2719, and—given their limited scope—also help address the political sensitivities of Member States that may view large-scale deployments as infringements on sovereignty.
As a general rule, large multidimensional operations should remain the responsibility of the UN, given its comparative advantages: predictable financing, specialized expertise, strong logistics, and established accountability. The AU should undertake such missions only where the UN is clearly unable or unwilling to act, including in extreme situations such as terrorism or genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.
Fourth, the effectiveness of peace support operations in Africa depends on a very close partnership between the AU and the UN. AU and UN operations are not competing options, but complementary parts of the same multilateral system, each with distinct strengths. Yet, with the progress made by the AU, a view has emerged that it could largely replace the UN, reducing it to a support role—especially in contexts such as terrorism, where traditional peacekeeping faces limits.
This view is misleading. The two are not substitutes, but essential partners. The UN retains clear advantages, as noted earlier, while the AU has shown readiness to deploy in complex, high-risk environments despite capacity and funding constraints.
The performance of both organizations is closely linked. Effective UN missions strengthen multilateral approaches that benefit the AU. Successful AU missions strengthen regional solutions, as part of the collective security system envisaged in the UN Charter. Conversely, failure on either side weakens confidence in the broader peace and security architecture.
Against this backdrop, the AU and the UN should prioritize stronger cooperation in support of ongoing UN peacekeeping operations in Africa. This serves both sides. UN missions benefit from the AU’s political influence and proximity, as well as from the role of the A3: when African members take the lead in raising mission-related issues, they help keep discussions focused and limit the impact of broader geopolitical tensions. The AU, in turn, has a direct stake in outcomes, as Africa bears the consequences of both success and failure.
To this end, the UN should systematically share information on its missions activities and challenges with the AU. This would strengthen African ownership and make it more likely that the AU provides timely and proactive support.
Additionally, consideration should be given to embedding AU liaison teams in UN missions. This would improve understanding of operations and allow the AU to provide more targeted support. In the same spirit, the UN should more systematically involve the AU in the strategic reviews of its missions.
As stressed above, effective peacekeeping must go hand in hand with enhanced peacemaking. This calls for closer coordination between the AU and the UN, including joint envoys or jointly-led contact groups, to bring coherence to increasingly fragmented mediation efforts.
Finally, sustaining peacekeeping gains requires greater investment in peacebuilding. This means closer AU–UN cooperation on governance to consolidate peace and avert relapse into violence. The aim is to combine the AU’s rich normative framework on governance, democracy, and human rights with the UN’s technical expertise and resources.
I would like to conclude by underlining the complexity of the international environment in which Africa navigates. This environment, while full of risks, also offers a chance to push for a more inclusive and fair system—but only if Africa first puts its own house in order. This starts with silencing the guns through concrete action, not rhetoric. Peace operations are an important part of that effort.
The AU already has the necessary tools. Focus should be on delivery, not on endlessly refining instruments. This requires stronger collective discipline and coordination across the AU system—Member States, the Commission, and other organs—grounded in the indivisibility of peace and security on the continent and in a renewed sense of African solidarity.
In this context, the proposed review of AU peace support operations can be a useful step to focus on implementing existing tools with greater creativity and agility, addressing the critical issue of financing with Member States fully meeting their obligations, and unlocking the untapped potential of the AU–UN partnership, including within the framework of resolution 2719.
I thank you.
Consideration of the Report on Joint AU-FGS-UN Progress against Benchmarks and AUSSOM Configuration Plan
Consideration of the Report on Joint AU-FGS-UN Progress against Benchmarks and AUSSOM Configuration Plan
Date | 27 April 2026
Tomorrow (28 April), the African Union (AU) Peace and Security Council (PSC) will convene its 1342nd session to consider the report on joint African Union–Federal Government of Somalia–United Nations progress against benchmarks and the African Union Support and Stabilisation Mission in Somalia (AUSSOM) configuration plan.
The session will commence with opening remarks by Hirut Zemene, Permanent Representative of Ethiopia to the AU and Chair of the PSC for April 2026, followed by introductory remarks from Bankole Adeoye, AU Commissioner for Political Affairs, Peace and Security (PAPS). The representatives of Somalia and the United Nations (UN) are also expected to deliver statements. El Hadji Ibrahima Diene, the Special Representative of the Chairperson of the AU Commission for Somalia and Head of AUSSOM, is expected to present the report on joint AU-FGS-UN progress against benchmarks and the AUSSOM mission configuration plan.
The last time the PSC considered AUSSOM was during its 1330th session, convened in February at ministerial level, but a more directly related session of relevance to the progress report and mission configuration plan is the PSC’s 1287th session, which was also held at ministerial level in July 2025. At that session, the PSC recognized the evolving security context since the adoption of the Concept of Operations (CONOPs) for AUSSOM and requested the Commission to provide updates regarding the increased number and location of Forward Operating Bases (FOBs), and their logistical support and aviation requirements, and to submit these new requirements within six weeks for consideration and transmission to the UN Security Council (UNSC), to enable continued United Nations Support Office in Somalia (UNSOS) logistical support to AUSSOM on this basis. In line with this, UNSC Resolution 2809 (2025), which renewed AUSSOM’s mandate until the end of this year, encouraged the AU, jointly with the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS), to transmit to the Security Council updated plans for AUSSOM’s configuration by 30 April 2026. Further to that, the resolution, under its paragraph 27, requested the UN, jointly with the AU and FGS, and in consultation with donors, to continue regular, joint technical assessments of progress made, including against the benchmarks detailed in the joint AU-UN report of November 2024, and to provide an updated assessment of progress to the Security Council by 31 October 2026. The AU Commission is therefore submitting this joint report to the PSC for its consideration in light of the above requests.
The report has two components, merging the two requests above into a single document. The first is the report on progress against the seven benchmarks guiding the transition of security responsibilities in Somalia for the period from September 2025 to February 2026, while the second part provides a report on the AUSSOM configuration plan, which is shaped by the findings of the progress report against the seven benchmarks.

It is recalled that AUSSOM operations are to be undertaken in a four-phased approach (see below), starting from phase 1 of realignment of all AU troops from ATMIS, its predecessor, at the end of June 2025, to AUSSOM, through to phase 4, which envisages mission exit at the end of 2029. The first phase has been postponed twice by the PSC, during its 1287th and 1317th sessions, pending deployment by Egypt.

AUSSOM Head El Hadji is expected to brief the Council, highlighting key findings of the report. Among others, he is likely to highlight progress made against the seven benchmarks (preparation and planning for transition to AUSSOM; AUSSOM support to Somali Security Forces (SSF) offensive operations; progressive extension of state authority across recovered areas; development of the Somali National Armed Forces (SNAF)/Somali Police Force (SPF) in line with defence and rule of law white papers; enhanced logistics support and sustainment for SNAF and AUSSOM; AUSSOM and SSF enhanced accountability and compliance; and post-mission management), key challenges, and considerations as the mission transition phases advance. Similarly, the briefing is expected to cover the second aspect of the report that assesses progress against the AUSSOM mandate, the joint operational environment and coordination with the FGS, accountability measures and protection of civilians, UNSOS adaptability to provide support and sustainment capacity to AUSSOM and SSF, as well as funding modalities.
The report paints a mixed picture of AUSSOM’s operations, with measurable success registered in discharging its mandate but also facing key challenges, which, without being addressed, could result in a significant reversal of security gains. The report confirms measurable progress in joint operational coordination, institutional development within Somali security institutions, and increasing Somali-led operational initiatives. Joint planning and operational coordination mechanisms between AUSSOM and SSF, such as the National Joint Operations Coordination Centre (JOCC) and the SSF-AUSSOM Joint Operations Centres (JOCs), are now functioning more coherently and consistently and have moved beyond ad hoc practices, improving coordination, information-sharing, and alignment with Somali-led security priorities. AUSSOM-SSF joint operations have delivered some tactical gains, including territorial recovery and improved security along key Main Supply Routes (MSRs), disrupted Al-Shabaab’s command structures, and contributed to increased defections and reduced recruitment capacity in some areas. Somali forces are showing growing operational initiative, with partner-supported enablers such as air operations playing a critical role in sustaining momentum against the terrorist group, reinforced by bilateral troop deployments in line with the decision of the extraordinary summit of Heads of State and Government of the troop-contributing countries to AUSSOM, held in Kampala, Uganda, on 25 April 2025, adopting a ‘whole-of-government’ approach integrating military operations with political engagement. The report also finds that state authority is gradually expanding in recovered areas, with SSF increasing their presence and building community confidence, particularly in HirShabelle, Galmudug, and Southwest States. Progress has also been recorded in strengthening compliance and accountability frameworks, including the implementation of the AU Compliance and Accountability Framework, enhanced training on international humanitarian law and international human rights law, and the operationalisation of the Civilian Casualty Tracking, Analysis and Response Cell (CCTARC) and Boards of Inquiry, which enhance civilian protection, transparency, and operational legitimacy.
Despite these gains, the report highlights key challenges that make these gains fragile. Al-Shabaab remains resilient and adaptive, continuing asymmetric attacks, particularly through improvised explosive devices (IEDs), ambushes, and economic coercion. The territorial gains registered remain vulnerable to reversal, as the transition from ‘clear’ to ‘hold’ and ‘build’ is not consistently matched by government deployment, stabilisation efforts, and service delivery. AUSSOM is also constrained by structural and capability gaps. The mission is operating with reduced troop levels relative to its mandate, with current deployment in 49 locations against the envisaged 23 locations in the CONOPs. Critical capability gaps notably in intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR), mobility, aviation assets, and Quick Reaction Forces (QRFs) persist. These gaps, together with the significant budget cuts of 25 per cent, the United Nations Support Office in Somalia (UNSOS), which remains the backbone of logistical support, have reduced operational support capacity, constraining mission sustainability and support to Somali-led operations. Most of all, the mission remains in an existential funding crisis.
As the report highlights, AUSSOM’s effectiveness and the success of the gradual transfer of security responsibilities to Somali forces depend on many factors. First and foremost, the mission’s effectiveness heavily depends on closing critical capability gaps, ensuring full deployment of enablers, and aligning force configuration with operational demands to avoid overstretch and sustain gains. It also depends on the Somali forces’ capacity generation, without which the transition may outpace local absorption capacity, leading to reversals. Sustainable, predictable, and adequate funding, as well as logistical support, remain central to the effectiveness of the mission, requiring stronger AU-UN coordination and broader partner engagement to close the prevailing funding and logistics gap and ensure a smooth exit. The severity of the challenges facing AUSSOM also highlights the imperative for taking decisions on force configuration that align with realistically supportable sustainment capacity.
There are a few key strategic issues that the report did not address. The first of these relates to the growing confrontation between the Federal Government and Federal Member states, the political instability and uncertainty arising from the lack of consensus about major constitutional issues and related governance challenges and the resultant vacuum these conditions create for Al Shabaab to take advantage of and with respect to force generation and in the fight against Al Shabaab. The other concerns the lack of strategic clarity about the conclusive end of the AU mission in the form that it has run since 2007, and the creation of conditions for Somali actors to end the perpetual outsourcing of the full responsibility that they should bear for their political and security governance. Instead of operating as a gap-filling multilateral support measure, the AU mission is increasingly being seen as a regime security instrument, thereby becoming an excuse for Somali actors not to get their acts together. This is neither compatible with the objective of a multilateral peace support operation nor the pathway for the resolution of the underlying factors of the security crisis, which require the Somali government to deliver on its part of the bargain through both setting up and making fully functional the institutions for assuming security responsibility and securing political consensus and national reconciliation.
The expected outcome of the session is a communiqué. The PSC may welcome the finalisation of the report on joint AU-FGS-UN progress against benchmarks and the AUSSOM mission configuration plan, adopt the same, and request the Commission to transmit it to the UN Security Council pursuant to the PSC’s 1287th session and UNSC Resolution 2809 (2025). Echoing the report, the PSC may welcome the operational momentum achieved against Al-Shabaab and the gradual strengthening of Somali institutions, but may also emphasise that the transition of responsibilities remains conditions-based and requires careful sequencing to ensure that drawdowns in AUSSOM do not outpace Somali absorption capacity or undermine recently consolidated gains. Beyond expressing concerns over the prevailing challenges that AUSSOM is currently facing, it may also emphasise the critical importance of sustainable, predictable, and adequate funding and logistical support for AUSSOM; the provision of adequate operational enablers such as aviation assets, ISR capabilities, and other force multipliers; accelerating capacity-building, force generation, and integrated operational planning mechanisms between AUSSOM and Somali forces; prioritising the security of key infrastructure and population centres to avoid overstretch; consolidating offensive operations with state presence through a ‘clear-hold-build’ approach; and adherence to the compliance and accountability framework. Again echoing the report, the PSC is also likely to establish an AU-FGS-UN monitoring and evaluation mechanism to track benchmark progress, operational conditions, and sustainment capacity.
Peace Support Operations in Africa
Peace Support Operations in Africa
Date | 26 April 2026
Tomorrow (27 April), the African Union (AU) Peace and Security Council (PSC) will convene an open session on Peace Support Operations (PSOs) in Africa.
The session is expected to commence with an opening statement by Hirut Zemene, Permanent Representative of Ethiopia to the AU and Chair of the PSC for April 2026, followed by introductory remarks from Bankole Adeoye, AU Commissioner for Political Affairs, Peace and Security (PAPS). Statements will also be delivered by El-Ghassim Wane, former Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General in Mali, Head of MINUSMA, and UN Assistant Secretary-General for Peacekeeping, as well as former AU Director for Peace and Security; Dagmawit Moges, Director of the AU Peace Fund; and Parfait Onanga-Anyanga, Special Representative of the Secretary-General to the AU and Head of the United Nations Office to the AU (UNOAU).
Tomorrow’s session is one of the signature events of Ethiopia’s chairship, given its history and contributions to peacekeeping. It comes against the background of major challenges afflicting AU-led PSOs from the breakdown of the political consensus on which they are predicated to the resultant weakening of diplomatic, financial and logistical support and political coherence necessary for deployment and successful conduct of PSOs.
Since its operationalisation in 2004, the PSC has remained consistently engaged on PSOs, which continue to constitute a critical tool in the AU’s peace and security architecture. The first PSO to be deployed under the mandating authority of the PSC was the African Union Mission in the Sudan (AMIS) in 2004. Since then, PSOs in Africa have featured on the agenda of the PSC both through mission-specific sessions and thematic sessions dedicated to peacekeeping in Africa. Over time, its thematic focus has focused on key strategic issues, including the operationalisation of the African Standby Force (ASF) (with over 15 dedicated sessions since 2007), financing of AU PSOs, and broader systemic challenges affecting peace operations on the continent.
Two recent sessions are particularly noteworthy. At its 851st session (May 2019), the Chairperson of the AU Commission submitted a report assessing the evolving context of AU PSOs, identifying key operational and strategic challenges, drawing lessons from past and ongoing missions, and proposing measures to enhance effectiveness. More recently, the 986th session, held at ministerial level on 18 March 2021 under Kenya’s chairship, reaffirmed these concerns under the theme ‘Peacekeeping Operations in Africa: Emerging Challenges and Critical Lessons for Sustainable Peacekeeping Operations.’
Africa remains the main theatre for peacekeeping operations, hosting a wide range of deployments, including those of the UN, AU, RECs/RMs, as well as bilateral arrangements. Over the past two decades, the AU has also authorised, mandated, or endorsed around two dozen peace support operations, according to Amani Africa data (see map below). In addition, regional mechanisms and ad hoc coalitions have in recent years come to step in to fill the gap that emerged in situations where neither the AU nor the UN were able to deploy in a timely manner, particularly in response to insurgencies with regional implications. The Southern African Development Community (SADC), for example, deployed missions in Mozambique and eastern DRC, while ECOWAS has undertaken interventions in contexts such as the Gambia and Guinea-Bissau. Alongside these, ad hoc coalitions such as the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) and the G5 Sahel Joint Force have been deployed. These arrangements have often emerged as gap-filling responses by affected states, reflecting both the evolving nature of security threats and the limited capacity of continental and regional mechanisms to act promptly and adapt rapidly. In parallel, bilateral deployments have also increased, including Rwanda’s deployment in Mozambique and the Central African Republic and various bilateral deployments in Somalia alongside the AU mission.

The various deployments have contributed meaningfully to stabilising conflict-affected contexts. However, recently, there has been a trend of steady decline in the deployment of PSOs in Africa, not only in the context of the AU but also the UN. The UN has not deployed a new mission on the continent since 2015, while the AU has not initiated any major PSO deployment under its command since its missions to Mali and the Central African Republic (CAR) in 2013. This is not due to a lack of situations requiring PSOs, but rather reflects the fact that the AU has become significantly behind the curve in mobilising timely engagement in situations directly implicating its peace and security mandate and the timely consensus and support required for deploying under its command, as well as in adapting to the evolving security threats on the continent.
In this context, several emerging trends and challenges over the past decade are shaping the effectiveness of PSOs in Africa, and are expected to feature in tomorrow’s deliberation.
One of the key issues likely to receive attention in tomorrow’s deliberation is the changing peace and security landscape, which calls for some adaptation of PSOs. Since around the mid of 2010s, Africa’s security environment has shifted significantly, with contemporary threats increasingly driven by fragmented non-state actors and asymmetric warfare by terrorist groups, rather than conventional civil wars. While the emergence of ad hoc deployments to fill in the ensuing gap contributes to managing the urgent security needs, they tend to be security-heavy, bereft of the tools necessary for addressing the underlying governance and socio-economic challenges. Often, they also operate outside the multilateral normative framework, with limited institutional anchoring within the AU framework.
Despite efforts to explore how to adapt the ASF, engagement on AU PSOs remains largely episodic, with limited efforts to develop new operational models aligned to current security dynamics and institutional and financial constraints. Systemic lessons and insights are not consistently carried forward to inform the AU’s approach to current and future PSOs.
Conflicts on the continent have become increasingly complex, often rooted in political contestation, governance crises, and deep-seated socio-economic challenges that do not lend themselves to purely military solutions. There is therefore a need to reconsider the growing tendency among policymakers to frame responses to Africa’s peace and security challenges—particularly those involving terrorism and insurgency—primarily in military terms. While military operations may be necessary in some contexts, they cannot substitute for a coherent political strategy. In this regard, the 2025 Lessons Learned Forum on AU PSOs and the ASF reaffirmed that military action must be directly aligned with, and supportive of, clearly defined political end states. In the absence of such a strategy, PSOs risk becoming protracted and ineffective, as illustrated by the ongoing challenges facing the AU deployment in Somalia. The principle of the ‘primacy of politics’ should therefore remain central in all conflict resolution efforts, with political processes at the forefront of design, implementation, and exit strategies for PSOs.
Financing remains a major challenge, particularly for large, multidimensional missions. This is most evident in the current AUSSOM deployment, which has been operating under significant financial strain, with mounting debt and without predictable, adequate, and sustainable funding—conditions that have directly affected its effectiveness. The issue of financing the AU, including its PSOs, has gained increasing political attention, including at the most recent AU Summit held in February, where the Assembly, in light of these challenges, decided to convene an extraordinary session of the Executive Council dedicated to financing no later than November 2026.
At the AU, there is growing interest in expanding the use of the Peace Fund. But given the limited scope of the Fund’s endowment, only smaller and limited-scope PSOs may be financed through AU resources, including the Peace Fund. Large and resource-intensive multidimensional missions authorised by the UN Security Council under Chapter VII of the UN Charter require the shouldering of the financial burden by the UN and other international partners, given that the maintenance of international peace and security remains a primary responsibility of the UN Security Council. The adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 2719 in December 2023 was premised on this consideration and marked an important milestone in AU–UN cooperation on peacekeeping. Yet, its implementation has been affected by shifting geopolitical dynamics. Changing policy towards PKOs and security priorities among partners, notably the US and EU, as well as the UN’s liquidity crisis affecting peacekeeping operations, has stifled implementation of resolution 2719 and further intensified financial pressures on AUSSOM.
Beyond financing, effective PSOs require adequate logistics, intelligence, and equipment, particularly in asymmetric environments where capabilities such as counter-IED measures are essential.
Coordination challenges also persist among the AU, RECs/RMs, the UN, and host states. The growing number of regional and ad hoc deployments risks fragmenting APSA. While AU–UN complementarity remains essential, both institutions retain distinct comparative advantages and should operate in a coordinated rather than substitutive manner. As noted by El-Ghassim Wane, the UN remains indispensable for multidimensional peacekeeping and supporting transitions to sustainable peace, while the AU is often better positioned to undertake early engagement using robust peace enforcement and counter-terrorism operations, with UN support, as well as smaller-scale stabilisation missions. Some of the models identified in the study on the future of peacekeeping that Wane led create opportunities for the AU in this respect.
Tomorrow’s deliberation is expected to explore concrete pathways for addressing them, building on some of the existing efforts, such as the lessons learned forum. This requires adopting a more systematic and sustained engagement by the PSC rather than an episodic one. Consideration may also be given to a comprehensive review of AU PSOs and the ASF framework—without reopening foundational instruments such as the Constitutive Act and the PSC Protocol—to ensure they remain responsive to evolving realities. Such a review should focus on developing adaptable PSO models aligned with current security and financial constraints, institute processes for systematically integrating lessons learned into policy, planning and practice, strengthening coordination with RECs/RMs, the UN, and international partners, and, while firmly anchoring operations in coherent political strategies. Given the need for strategic and high-level political support for PSOs, consideration may also be given to designating a dedicated AU-led PSOs Champion to sustain high-level attention.
The expected outcome of the session is a communiqué. The PSC may reaffirm the indispensable role that PSOs play in the maintenance of peace and security in Africa. It may further express concern over the multifaceted challenges facing PSOs in Africa, including political, operational, and financial constraints, and may consider the above measures, as well as modalities for follow-up, as part of efforts to address these challenges and enhance the effectiveness of PSOs on the continent. It may commission an independent, time-bound study on the future of PSOs in Africa, drawing inspiration from the recent UN initiative. It may also underscore the need for PSOs to be designed and implemented as part of a broader, integrated approach encompassing diplomacy, mediation, peace-making, and peacebuilding. The PSC may also consider developing an annual ministerial forum on AU PSOs, similar to the UN Peacekeeping Operations Ministerial, as a strategic platform for mobilising strategic, financial, logistical, and technical support for AU-led PSOs.
Peace Support Operations in Africa
Peace Support Operations in Africa
Date | 26 April 2026
Tomorrow (27 April), the African Union (AU) Peace and Security Council (PSC) will convene an open session on Peace Support Operations (PSOs) in Africa.
The session is expected to commence with an opening statement by Hirut Zemene, Permanent Representative of Ethiopia to the AU and Chair of the PSC for April 2026, followed by introductory remarks from Bankole Adeoye, AU Commissioner for Political Affairs, Peace and Security (PAPS). Statements will also be delivered by El-Ghassim Wane, former Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General in Mali, Head of MINUSMA, and UN Assistant Secretary-General for Peacekeeping, as well as former AU Director for Peace and Security; Dagmawit Moges, Director of the AU Peace Fund; and Parfait Onanga-Anyanga, Special Representative of the Secretary-General to the AU and Head of the United Nations Office to the AU (UNOAU).
Tomorrow’s session is one of the signature events of Ethiopia’s chairship, given its history and contributions to peacekeeping. It comes against the background of major challenges afflicting AU-led PSOs from the breakdown of the political consensus on which they are predicated to the resultant weakening of diplomatic, financial and logistical support and political coherence necessary for deployment and successful conduct of PSOs.
Since its operationalisation in 2004, the PSC has remained consistently engaged on PSOs, which continue to constitute a critical tool in the AU’s peace and security architecture. The first PSO to be deployed under the mandating authority of the PSC was the African Union Mission in the Sudan (AMIS) in 2004. Since then, PSOs in Africa have featured on the agenda of the PSC both through mission-specific sessions and thematic sessions dedicated to peacekeeping in Africa. Over time, its thematic focus has focused on key strategic issues, including the operationalisation of the African Standby Force (ASF) (with over 15 dedicated sessions since 2007), financing of AU PSOs, and broader systemic challenges affecting peace operations on the continent.
Two recent sessions are particularly noteworthy. At its 851st session (May 2019), the Chairperson of the AU Commission submitted a report assessing the evolving context of AU PSOs, identifying key operational and strategic challenges, drawing lessons from past and ongoing missions, and proposing measures to enhance effectiveness. More recently, the 986th session, held at ministerial level on 18 March 2021 under Kenya’s chairship, reaffirmed these concerns under the theme ‘Peacekeeping Operations in Africa: Emerging Challenges and Critical Lessons for Sustainable Peacekeeping Operations.’
Africa remains the main theatre for peacekeeping operations, hosting a wide range of deployments, including those of the UN, AU, RECs/RMs, as well as bilateral arrangements. Over the past two decades, the AU has also authorised, mandated, or endorsed around two dozen peace support operations, according to Amani Africa data (see map below). In addition, regional mechanisms and ad hoc coalitions have in recent years come to step in to fill the gap that emerged in situations where neither the AU nor the UN were able to deploy in a timely manner, particularly in response to insurgencies with regional implications. The Southern African Development Community (SADC), for example, deployed missions in Mozambique and eastern DRC, while ECOWAS has undertaken interventions in contexts such as the Gambia and Guinea-Bissau. Alongside these, ad hoc coalitions such as the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) and the G5 Sahel Joint Force have been deployed. These arrangements have often emerged as gap-filling responses by affected states, reflecting both the evolving nature of security threats and the limited capacity of continental and regional mechanisms to act promptly and adapt rapidly. In parallel, bilateral deployments have also increased, including Rwanda’s deployment in Mozambique and the Central African Republic and various bilateral deployments in Somalia alongside the AU mission.

The various deployments have contributed meaningfully to stabilising conflict-affected contexts. However, recently, there has been a trend of steady decline in the deployment of PSOs in Africa, not only in the context of the AU but also the UN. The UN has not deployed a new mission on the continent since 2015, while the AU has not initiated any major PSO deployment under its command since its missions to Mali and the Central African Republic (CAR) in 2013. This is not due to a lack of situations requiring PSOs, but rather reflects the fact that the AU has become significantly behind the curve in mobilising timely engagement in situations directly implicating its peace and security mandate and the timely consensus and support required for deploying under its command, as well as in adapting to the evolving security threats on the continent.
In this context, several emerging trends and challenges over the past decade are shaping the effectiveness of PSOs in Africa, and are expected to feature in tomorrow’s deliberation.
One of the key issues likely to receive attention in tomorrow’s deliberation is the changing peace and security landscape, which calls for some adaptation of PSOs. Since around the mid of 2010s, Africa’s security environment has shifted significantly, with contemporary threats increasingly driven by fragmented non-state actors and asymmetric warfare by terrorist groups, rather than conventional civil wars. While the emergence of ad hoc deployments to fill in the ensuing gap contributes to managing the urgent security needs, they tend to be security-heavy, bereft of the tools necessary for addressing the underlying governance and socio-economic challenges. Often, they also operate outside the multilateral normative framework, with limited institutional anchoring within the AU framework.
Despite efforts to explore how to adapt the ASF, engagement on AU PSOs remains largely episodic, with limited efforts to develop new operational models aligned to current security dynamics and institutional and financial constraints. Systemic lessons and insights are not consistently carried forward to inform the AU’s approach to current and future PSOs.
Conflicts on the continent have become increasingly complex, often rooted in political contestation, governance crises, and deep-seated socio-economic challenges that do not lend themselves to purely military solutions. There is therefore a need to reconsider the growing tendency among policymakers to frame responses to Africa’s peace and security challenges—particularly those involving terrorism and insurgency—primarily in military terms. While military operations may be necessary in some contexts, they cannot substitute for a coherent political strategy. In this regard, the 2025 Lessons Learned Forum on AU PSOs and the ASF reaffirmed that military action must be directly aligned with, and supportive of, clearly defined political end states. In the absence of such a strategy, PSOs risk becoming protracted and ineffective, as illustrated by the ongoing challenges facing the AU deployment in Somalia. The principle of the ‘primacy of politics’ should therefore remain central in all conflict resolution efforts, with political processes at the forefront of design, implementation, and exit strategies for PSOs.
Financing remains a major challenge, particularly for large, multidimensional missions. This is most evident in the current AUSSOM deployment, which has been operating under significant financial strain, with mounting debt and without predictable, adequate, and sustainable funding—conditions that have directly affected its effectiveness. The issue of financing the AU, including its PSOs, has gained increasing political attention, including at the most recent AU Summit held in February, where the Assembly, in light of these challenges, decided to convene an extraordinary session of the Executive Council dedicated to financing no later than November 2026.
At the AU, there is growing interest in expanding the use of the Peace Fund. But given the limited scope of the Fund’s endowment, only smaller and limited-scope PSOs may be financed through AU resources, including the Peace Fund. Large and resource-intensive multidimensional missions authorised by the UN Security Council under Chapter VII of the UN Charter require the shouldering of the financial burden by the UN and other international partners, given that the maintenance of international peace and security remains a primary responsibility of the UN Security Council. The adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 2719 in December 2023 was premised on this consideration and marked an important milestone in AU–UN cooperation on peacekeeping. Yet, its implementation has been affected by shifting geopolitical dynamics. Changing policy towards PKOs and security priorities among partners, notably the US and EU, as well as the UN’s liquidity crisis affecting peacekeeping operations, has stifled implementation of resolution 2719 and further intensified financial pressures on AUSSOM.
Beyond financing, effective PSOs require adequate logistics, intelligence, and equipment, particularly in asymmetric environments where capabilities such as counter-IED measures are essential.
Coordination challenges also persist among the AU, RECs/RMs, the UN, and host states. The growing number of regional and ad hoc deployments risks fragmenting APSA. While AU–UN complementarity remains essential, both institutions retain distinct comparative advantages and should operate in a coordinated rather than substitutive manner. As noted by El-Ghassim Wane, the UN remains indispensable for multidimensional peacekeeping and supporting transitions to sustainable peace, while the AU is often better positioned to undertake early engagement using robust peace enforcement and counter-terrorism operations, with UN support, as well as smaller-scale stabilisation missions. Some of the models identified in the study on the future of peacekeeping that Wane led create opportunities for the AU in this respect.
Tomorrow’s deliberation is expected to explore concrete pathways for addressing them, building on some of the existing efforts, such as the lessons learned forum. This requires adopting a more systematic and sustained engagement by the PSC rather than an episodic one. Consideration may also be given to a comprehensive review of AU PSOs and the ASF framework—without reopening foundational instruments such as the Constitutive Act and the PSC Protocol—to ensure they remain responsive to evolving realities. Such a review should focus on developing adaptable PSO models aligned with current security and financial constraints, institute processes for systematically integrating lessons learned into policy, planning and practice, strengthening coordination with RECs/RMs, the UN, and international partners, and, while firmly anchoring operations in coherent political strategies. Given the need for strategic and high-level political support for PSOs, consideration may also be given to designating a dedicated AU-led PSOs Champion to sustain high-level attention.
The expected outcome of the session is a communiqué. The PSC may reaffirm the indispensable role that PSOs play in the maintenance of peace and security in Africa. It may further express concern over the multifaceted challenges facing PSOs in Africa, including political, operational, and financial constraints, and may consider the above measures, as well as modalities for follow-up, as part of efforts to address these challenges and enhance the effectiveness of PSOs on the continent. It may commission an independent, time-bound study on the future of PSOs in Africa, drawing inspiration from the recent UN initiative. It may also underscore the need for PSOs to be designed and implemented as part of a broader, integrated approach encompassing diplomacy, mediation, peace-making, and peacebuilding. The PSC may also consider developing an annual ministerial forum on AU PSOs, similar to the UN Peacekeeping Operations Ministerial, as a strategic platform for mobilising strategic, financial, logistical, and technical support for AU-led PSOs.
The third international Conference on Sudan opens a new opportunity for a civilian-centred peace process
The third international Conference on Sudan opens a new opportunity for a civilian-centred peace process
Date | 24 April 2026
Zekarias Beshah, Senior Researcher, Amani Africa
The major breakthrough of the international conference on Sudan held in Berlin was the adoption of a joint declaration by the civilian forces convened during the conference. On 15 April, marking the third anniversary of the outbreak of the Sudan conflict, the African Union (AU), the European Union (EU), Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States convened the third international Sudan conference in Berlin.
This meeting, which brought together ministers and representatives from 55 countries, alongside donors, regional organisations, United Nations entities, and other partners, as well as 38 international and Sudanese NGOs, follows earlier conferences in Paris (2024) and London (2025).
As with its predecessors, the convening was not without controversy—particularly regarding participation and representation. The exclusion of the warring parties (the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF)) drew criticism from both sides. Sudan’s foreign ministry denounced the conference for proceeding without consultation with Khartoum, characterising it as a ‘colonial tutelage approach.’ Meanwhile, the Sudan Founding Alliance (TASIS), a coalition aligned with the RSF, raised concerns over the perceived inclusion of actors linked to the SAF and the Islamic movement, warning that such participation could dilute the civilian voice and hinder peace efforts.
Additionally, the countries that participated in the conference were unable to agree on a joint communique. Despite the joint statement that the members of the Quad negotiated and adopted in September 2025, divisions that resurfaced during the technical negotiations, reportedly over language relating to the preservation of ‘state institutions’, forced the convening to end without a joint communique of the participating states, as in London. Consequently, the conference closed with a co-hosts’ communiqué.
Despite these drawbacks, Berlin registered some positive outcomes for a situation that needs some flicker of progress. In this respect, the outcomes of the conference should be assessed against its stated objectives, rather than against expectations it was not designed to fulfil. Some commentary has downplayed the conference’s significance, criticising its format for failing to deliver a ceasefire or immediate relief for civilians. The conference instead focused on three core objectives: mobilising humanitarian support, elevating global attention to the Sudan crisis, and creating space for civilian and political dialogue. Its success should be evaluated accordingly.
A major outcome of Berlin was the creation, for the first time in three years, of a platform for Sudanese civilian and political actors to convene and agree on a joint statement calling for an end to the war. This process was facilitated by the Quintet. Building on consultations initiated in Addis Ababa and concluded in Berlin, some 46 representatives endorsed a joint call structured around seven key priorities: an immediate ceasefire; protection of civilians and infrastructure; humanitarian access; civilian democratic governance; a Sudanese-owned political process; international support; and justice.
This development is particularly significant given the persistent fragmentation of civilian actors and the limitation, to date, to collectively influence the trajectory of the conflict. Previous efforts by the AU High-Level Panel on Sudan, established in January 2024, facilitated preparatory consultations in July and August 2024 and February 2025 but did not achieve comparable convergence. In this context, the progress made under the Quintet framework in Berlin should be seen as a meaningful step toward a unified civilian platform and lays the groundwork for a Sudanese-led political dialogue.
On the humanitarian front, the Sudan conflict has generated the world’s largest humanitarian crisis. According to OCHA’s February report, an estimated 33.7 million people need assistance, with 28.9 million requiring food security and livelihood support in 2026. Famine conditions have been confirmed in El Fasher and Kadugli, with similar patterns observed in Dilling. As the conflict persists, humanitarian needs continue to rise, yet responses have not kept pace. Instead, significant funding shortfalls have led to reductions in life-saving assistance. The 2026 humanitarian response plan stands at USD 2.6 billion—a decrease of nearly one-third from the previous year—reflecting a constrained funding environment. Only 35 per cent of the 2025 plan was funded, and in 2026, just 16 per cent of the required funding has been secured to date.
Against this backdrop, one of the conference’s tangible outcomes is the mobilisation of financial commitments. International donors pledged €1.5 billion, with more than half (€811 million) contributed by the European Union and its member states, reflecting a significant increase compared to the London conference, where pledges totalled around €950 million. While insufficient to meet overall needs, this represents a substantial and concrete contribution that should not be understated, despite the lack of clarity about how much of the pledged money is additional to the amount pledged during the humanitarian convening held in Washington, D.C.
Third, the conference succeeded in bringing Sudan’s crisis to the forefront of international attention. Despite constituting the world’s most severe humanitarian emergency, Sudan has increasingly been overshadowed by other geopolitical crises, including those in Ukraine, Gaza, and, more recently, Iran. The Berlin conference, at least temporarily, served to re-centre global focus on Sudan.
Overall, the Berlin conference has helped generate momentum for Sudanese civilian and political actors to engage more cohesively and to shape the country’s transition toward civilian-led governance. This is a major development given the persisting deadlock in the SAF-RSF-focused processes. Sustaining this momentum now falls to the Quintet. A key next step will be to engage those actors not represented in Berlin and ensure broader inclusivity. Encouragingly, plans are reportedly underway to convene follow-up meetings in May to incorporate additional stakeholders. The success registered in Berlin with the adoption of a joint statement of civilians presents a unique opportunity to take forward the question of how to pursue proposals towards the constitution of a civilian transitional authority.
Constructing a Networked Multilateralism between Addis Ababa and Geneva: Seizing Policy Opportunities
Constructing a Networked Multilateralism between Addis Ababa and Geneva: Seizing Policy Opportunities
Date | 22 April 2026
SUMMARY
This Special report explores the potential for networked multilateralism to facilitate a more inclusive system of global governance through building networked policy exchanges and policy making between Addis Ababa and Geneva, two major global policy hubs. In response to shifting global power dynamics and complex challenges, it argues for a more connected, flexible, and inclusive multilateral system that leverages and draws on the role of multilateral diplomatic hubs and centres of decision-making in different parts of the world. Addis Ababa, as Africa’s diplomatic capital, excels in diplomatic negotiation for consensus-building and advancing regional priorities and global solidarity for a fairer global system, while Geneva offers a dense ecosystem of international organizations and technical expertise. Closer collaboration between the two diplomatic hubs could enable both to leverage their strengths, thereby becoming the example in practicing and organising networked multilateralism. Addis Ababa could access Geneva’s science diplomacy, data governance, and urban planning expertise, while Geneva could benefit from Addis’s experience in political negotiation, youth and gender inclusion, and Africa’s role as a major centre where current policy issues around energy transition and critical minerals and understanding African interests. Structured exchanges, joint research, and dedicated liaison platforms are recommended to operationalize this partnership. By moving beyond fragmented interactions, a structured and dynamic Addis-Geneva nexus can enhance collective action, better reflect African priorities in global forums, and model innovative approaches to global governance challenges.
Briefing by the A3 on its activities
Briefing by the A3 on its activities
Date | 19 April 2026
Tomorrow (20 April), the African Union (AU) Peace and Security Council (PSC) will convene its 1340th session to receive a briefing from the African Members of the United Nations Security Council (A3).
The session is expected to commence with opening remarks by Hirut Zemene, Permanent Representative of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia to the AU and Chair of the PSC for April 2026, followed by a statement from the AU Commissioner for Political Affairs, Peace and Security (PAPS), Bankole Adeoye. The representatives of the A3 members, Somalia as the coordinator of the group for the first quarter, are expected to brief the PSC on the activities of the A3.
Since January 2026, the three elected African members (A3) of the UN Security Council (UNSC) comprise the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Liberia, and Somalia for the 2026–2027 term. Somalia joined the Council in January 2025 after more than five decades, while 2026 marks the return of Liberia after a 65-year absence and the return of the DRC after 35 years. Notably, the DRC concurrently serves on the PSC, creating an opportunity to strengthen coordination and coherence between the two councils.
With Guyana concluding its term at the end of 2025, there is currently no Caribbean representation on the Council. Consequently, unlike during the 2020–2021 and 2024–2025 terms, there is no prospect of expanding the A3 into an ‘A3+1’ configuration.
Tomorrow’s briefing takes place within the framework of longstanding efforts to strengthen coordination between the AU and the UNSC. This engagement traces back to the first conclusion of the High-Level Seminar (HLS) on peace and security in Africa, held in Algiers in December 2013, which established the practice of the A3 providing quarterly briefings to the PSC on African issues on the UNSC agenda, although, in practice, these briefings have not been delivered consistently.
This commitment has since been consistently reinforced. It was reaffirmed during the 11th Oran Process in 2024 and further institutionalised through the adoption of the Manual on the Modalities for Enhancing Coordination between the PSC and the A3 at the PSC’s 1289th session on 24 July 2025, formalising requirements for regular reporting and structured engagement.
During the most recent A3+ briefing to the PSC in August 2025, the PSC not only decided to institutionalise consultative meetings between the PSC and the A3+ at ambassadorial level as a statutory activity within its annual indicative programme, but also reiterated its request for the A3+ to brief and consult the PSC on a quarterly basis and whenever necessary, on African issues under consideration by the UNSC.
In this context, the A3 are expected to brief the PSC on their activities within the UNSC since the beginning of 2026, highlighting their continued efforts to advance coordinated African positions and to ensure that the continent’s perspectives are effectively reflected in Council deliberations and outcomes. In this regard, the A3 have sustained an active and consistent engagement across a wide range of agenda items through the delivery of joint statements, covering both African country-specific situations and broader thematic and global issues. On African files, the A3 are likely to highlight their sustained engagement on situations such as the Central African Republic, DRC, Libya, Sudan, and South Sudan. Beyond African situations, the A3 have also demonstrated engagement on broader international peace and security issues, including developments in the Middle East. These interventions have generally underscored key principles, such as the primacy of political solutions, respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, the protection of civilians, and adherence to international law, while also reaffirming the central role of the AU and regional mechanisms in addressing conflicts on the continent. These positions underscore the A3’s efforts to situate Africa as an active stakeholder in global peace and security discussions, beyond continent-specific concerns.
In addition to statements, the A3 are also expected to reflect on their growing role in influencing Security Council outcome documents through engagement in negotiations on draft resolutions and other Council outcome documents. Recent examples include their involvement in ongoing negotiations on the resolution of situations relating to Libya and a resolution and a press statement on South Sudan. Another instance is A3’s initiative in shaping Council engagement on Sudan, by initiating, together with the United Kingdom as penholder, a Security Council meeting in March, following a strike on a hospital in East Darfur state. These efforts point to the increasing role of the A3 in engaging with penholders and other Council members to ensure that African perspectives are reflected in the formulation of Security Council decisions.
The session is also expected to feature discussions as a follow-up to previous decisions of the PSC aimed at strengthening communication and coordination with the A3. In this regard, PSC members may draw on past precedents, such as, the communiqué adopted at its 1221st Session in July 2024 on the situation in the Central African Republic (CAR), which reiterated the call for the total lifting of the arms embargo on the CAR and encouraged the A3 to promote a unified position on this matter within the UN Security Council. Building on such precedents, the session may also reflect on recommendations emerging from the 11th and 12th High-Level Seminars on Peace and Security in Africa (Oran Process), which underscored the need for more systematic information sharing and the synchronisation of meetings between the PSC and the UN Security Council on issues under their joint mandate.
The meeting is also expected to provide an opportunity to reflect on the outcomes of the 5th Annual A3 Retreat held on 4 February, which brought together incoming, current, and former A3+ members for strategic reflection and planning. The Retreat underscored the importance of strengthening coordination, unity, and synergy with the PSC, while enhancing Africa’s strategic positioning within the Security Council. In this context, discussions may reflect on the need to address the continued challenges faced by the A3 in influencing Council outcomes, particularly their role in pen-holding and drafting processes while navigating through the current complex geopolitical competition.
Building on these reflections, the PSC session may recall the discussion that took place during the 6th A3 High-Level Meeting held on 13 February on the margins of the 39th AU Assembly, which focused on advancing African agency and leadership in peace and security within a changing global order. Discussions at that meeting emphasised the need to strengthen the A3 as a strategic mechanism guided by African priorities, enhance its proactive role within the Security Council, and advance predictable and sustainable financing for AU-led peace support operations. In this regard, particular attention may be given to the importance of enhancing AU–UN cooperation frameworks, including through the effective implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 2719. The adoption of the UNSC Resolution 2719 in December 2023 stands as a notable illustration of what coordinated A3 engagement can achieve in advancing a common African position. As such, the effective implementation and operationalisation of this resolution will be critical for further strengthening the AU–UN strategic partnership and ensuring sustained support for AU-led peace operations.
Tomorrow’s briefing outcome is expected to be a communiqué, and in this regard, the PSC is expected to welcome the briefing by the A3 and express appreciation for their continued efforts to articulate and advance coordinated African positions within the UNSC, while also commending the sustained cohesion, coordination, and unity demonstrated by the A3 since the beginning of their 2026–2027 term. Building on this, the PSC may acknowledge the growing role of the A3 in influencing UNSC outcomes, as well as their interaction with penholders and other Council members to ensure that African priorities and perspectives are adequately reflected, and in doing so, the Council may underscore the importance of strengthening coordination and coherence between the PSC and the UNSC. In the same vein, the PSC may further reiterate the need for the A3 to uphold, promote, and defend the decisions and positions of the PSC in their engagement within the UNSC, in line with relevant AU Assembly decisions and the conclusions of the High-Level Seminar on Peace and Security in Africa (Oran Process). In this regard, the PSC may also emphasise the importance of the effective implementation of the Manual on the Modalities for Enhancing Coordination between the PSC and the A3, particularly with regard to ensuring regular reporting, structured engagement, and timely exchange of information between the two bodies. In this context, it may call for enhanced regularity and predictability in the provision of briefings by the A3, in line with the agreed quarterly framework, and encourage more systematic consultations to facilitate timely guidance from the PSC on African issues under consideration by the UNSC, while at the same time encouraging further strengthening of practical cooperation between the PSC and the A3, including through the synchronisation of their respective programmes of work, enhanced interaction between the experts of the PSC and the UNSC, and the establishment of effective information-sharing mechanisms. Furthermore, the PSC may highlight the importance of enhancing the role of the A3 in pen-holding and drafting processes within the UNSC, while encouraging continued efforts to navigate geopolitical dynamics and safeguard African priorities. Finally, the PSC may stress the importance of strengthening AU–UN cooperation frameworks, including through the effective implementation and operationalisation of UNSC Resolution 2719 as a key instrument for ensuring predictable and sustainable financing of AU-led peace support operations.
